Also/Too Particle 도

보조사 도

Particles

Overview

The particle is one of the most frequently used particles in Korean. It means "also," "too," "as well," or "even." Its key behavior is that it replaces the topic particle (은/는), subject particle (이/가), and object particle (을/를) -- it does not stack on top of them.

Understanding 도 is essential because it appears in everyday conversation constantly and follows a simple but important replacement rule.

Form: 도 Replaces Other Particles

도 attaches directly to the noun. It has no consonant/vowel variation -- it is always just .

Without 도 With 도 English
학생이에요. 학생이에요. I am also a student.
민수 왔어요. 민수 왔어요. Minsu also came.
커피 마셔요. 커피 마셔요. I drink coffee too.

The replacement rule

도 replaces 은/는, 이/가, and 을/를. You never see 는도, 가도, or 를도:

Incorrect Correct Why
저는도 도 replaces 는
민수가도 민수 도 replaces 가
커피를도 커피 도 replaces 를

도 stacks with other particles

However, 도 can combine with location and other particles:

Combination Meaning Example
at/to ~ also 여기에도 있어요. (It's here too.)
에서 at ~ also 학교에서도 공부해요. (I study at school too.)
(으)로 by ~ also 버스로도 갈 수 있어요. (You can go by bus too.)
한테 to (person) ~ also 친구한테도 말했어요. (I told my friend too.)
까지 even up to 여기까지도 왔어요. (They came even here.)

Function 1: Also / Too

The most basic function of 도 is adding "also" or "too":

Adding to the subject

A: 저는 학생이에요. (I am a student.) B: 저 학생이에요. (I am also a student.)

A: 민수가 한국어를 배워요. (Minsu learns Korean.) B: 지영이 한국어를 배워요. (Jiyeong learns Korean too.)

Adding to the object

A: 커피를 좋아해요. (I like coffee.) B: 차 좋아해요. (I like tea too.)

A: 한국어를 배워요. (I learn Korean.) B: 일본어 배워요. (I learn Japanese too.)

Adding to locations

A: 서울에 갔어요. (I went to Seoul.) B: 부산에도 갔어요. (I went to Busan too.)

Function 2: Both A and B

When 도 appears on multiple nouns, it creates a "both A and B" meaning:

Korean Romanization English
커피 좋고 차 좋아요. keopi-do joko cha-do joayo. Both coffee and tea are good.
아침 먹고 점심 먹었어요. achim-do meokgo jeomsim-do meogeosseoyo. I ate both breakfast and lunch.
한국어 배우고 일본어 배워요. hangugeo-do baeugo ilboneo-do baeuoyo. I learn both Korean and Japanese.
엄마 아빠 의사예요. eomma-do appa-do uisayeyo. Both mom and dad are doctors.

Function 3: Neither A nor B (with Negation)

When 도 appears on multiple nouns with a negative verb, it means "neither A nor B":

Korean Romanization English
시간 없고 돈 없어요. sigan-do eopgo don-do eopseoyo. I have neither time nor money.
이것 저것 안 좋아요. igeot-do jeogeot-do an joayo. Neither this nor that is good.
아침 안 먹고 점심 안 먹었어요. achim-do an meokgo jeomsim-do an meogeosseoyo. I didn't eat breakfast or lunch.

Function 4: Even

In certain contexts, 도 emphasizes surprise or unexpectedness, meaning "even":

Korean Romanization English
아이 알아요. ai-do arayo. Even children know it.
하나 없어요. hana-do eopseoyo. There isn't even one.
한 번 안 갔어요. han beon-do an gasseoyo. I didn't go even once.
조금 안 아파요. jogeum-do an apayo. It doesn't hurt even a little.

Fixed expressions with "even"

These are very common patterns using 도 for emphasis:

Pattern Meaning Example
하나도 + negative not even one 하나 몰라요. (I don't know even one.)
한 번도 + negative not even once 한 번 안 봤어요. (I haven't seen it even once.)
조금도 + negative not even a little 조금 안 무서워요. (I'm not scared at all.)
아무도 + negative nobody 아무 없어요. (Nobody is here.)

도 vs 은/는 Comparison

Sentence Particle Nuance
학생이에요. Topic As for me, I am a student.
학생이에요. Also I am also a student (like you).
커피 좋아해요. Topic/Contrast Coffee, I like (but maybe not tea).
커피 좋아해요. Also I like coffee too (in addition to tea).

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
저는도 학생이에요. 학생이에요. 도 replaces 는, doesn't add to it
커피를도 마셔요. 커피 마셔요. 도 replaces 를
민수가도 왔어요. 민수 왔어요. 도 replaces 가
여기도에 있어요. 여기에도 있어요. 도 goes after 에, not before

Practice Patterns

Use these templates to practice:

Template Example
[noun]도 [verb]아/어요. 저도 좋아해요. (I like it too.)
A도 B도 [verb]. 커피도 차도 마셔요. (I drink both coffee and tea.)
A도 B도 안 [verb]. 커피도 차도 안 마셔요. (I drink neither coffee nor tea.)
하나도 안/못 [verb]. 하나도 못 먹었어요. (I couldn't eat even one.)

Summary

  1. means "also," "too," "both," or "even."
  2. replaces 은/는, 이/가, and 을/를 -- never stack them together.
  3. combines with location particles: 에도, 에서도, (으)로도, 한테도.
  4. Multiple 도 = "both A and B" (positive) or "neither A nor B" (negative).
  5. 도 with negative verbs creates emphatic negation: 하나도 없어요, 한 번도 안 갔어요.
  6. Do not confuse 도 (also) with 는 (contrast) -- they convey opposite nuances.

Examples

저도 학생이에요.

jeodo haksaengieyo.

I am also a student.

커피도 좋아해요.

keopi-do joahaeyo.

I like coffee too.

한국어도 배우고 일본어도 배워요.

hangugeodo baeugo ilboneodo baeuoyo.

I learn Korean and Japanese too.

여기도 추워요.

yeogido chuwoyo.

It's cold here too.

아침도 먹고 점심도 먹었어요.

achimdo meokgo jeomsimdo meogeosseoyo.

I ate both breakfast and lunch.

시간도 없고 돈도 없어요.

sigando eopgo dondo eopseoyo.

I have neither time nor money.