ㅂ Irregular Verbs: 덥다 → 더워, 춥다 → 추워

ㅂ 불규칙

Irregular Verbs

Overview

The ㅂ irregular (ㅂ 불규칙) is one of the most common irregular conjugation patterns in Korean. Verbs and adjectives whose stems end in often change when followed by a vowel-starting ending.

Type Before vowel ending Example
Regular ㅂ ㅂ stays 입다 → 입어요
Irregular ㅂ ㅂ → 우 덥다 → 더워요
Exception: 돕다, 곱다 ㅂ → 오 돕다 → 도와요

Key rule: When an irregular ㅂ stem meets a vowel ending (~아/어, ~으, etc.), the ㅂ drops and is replaced by (which then combines with the following vowel).

The Rule

Step by step

  1. Remove ㅂ from the stem
  2. Add (or for 돕다/곱다)
  3. The 우/오 combines with the following ending vowel

How 우 combines with endings

Ending 우 + ending Result
~아/어요 우 + 어요 워요
~았/었어요 우 + 었어요 웠어요
~으면 우 + 면 우면 (으 drops)
~으니까 우 + 니까 우니까 (으 drops)
~ㄹ/을 우 + ㄹ

How 오 combines with endings (돕다, 곱다 only)

Ending 오 + ending Result
~아/어요 오 + 아요 와요
~았/었어요 오 + 았어요 왔어요

Common Irregular ㅂ Adjectives

Dictionary Meaning 해요체 Past Future
덥다 hot 더워요 더웠어요 더울 거예요
춥다 cold 추워요 추웠어요 추울 거예요
맵다 spicy 매워요 매웠어요 매울 거예요
어렵다 difficult 어려워요 어려웠어요 어려울 거예요
쉽다 easy 쉬워요 쉬웠어요 쉬울 거예요
무겁다 heavy 무거워요 무거웠어요 무거울 거예요
가볍다 light (weight) 가벼워요 가벼웠어요 가벼울 거예요
아름답다 beautiful 아름다워요 아름다웠어요 아름다울 거예요
귀엽다 cute 귀여워요 귀여웠어요 귀여울 거예요
무섭다 scary 무서워요 무서웠어요 무서울 거예요
즐겁다 enjoyable 즐거워요 즐거웠어요 즐거울 거예요
반갑다 glad (to meet) 반가워요 반가웠어요 반가울 거예요
가깝다 close (distance) 가까워요 가까웠어요 가까울 거예요
새롭다 new, novel 새로워요 새로웠어요 새로울 거예요

Common Irregular ㅂ Verbs

Dictionary Meaning 해요체 Past
돕다 help 도와요 도왔어요
곱다 pretty, fine 고와요 고왔어요
눕다 lie down 누워요 누웠어요
줍다 pick up 주워요 주웠어요
굽다 roast, bake 구워요 구웠어요

돕다 and 곱다 are special: ㅂ → (not 우). So 돕다 → 도 + 오 + 아요 = 도와요.

Regular ㅂ Verbs (NOT Irregular)

These verbs end in ㅂ but conjugate regularly — the ㅂ does NOT change:

Dictionary Meaning 해요체 Why regular
입다 wear 입어요 ㅂ stays
잡다 catch 잡아요 ㅂ stays
씹다 chew 씹어요 ㅂ stays
뽑다 pull out 뽑아요 ㅂ stays
접다 fold 접어요 ㅂ stays
집다 pick up (with fingers) 집어요 ㅂ stays

How to tell: Unfortunately there is no simple rule. Most ㅂ adjectives are irregular, while some ㅂ verbs are regular. You need to memorize which are which. When in doubt, most ㅂ-ending words are irregular.

Consonant Endings (No Change)

The irregularity only happens before vowel endings. Before consonant endings, ㅂ stays:

Ending 덥다 춥다
~ㅂ니다 (formal) 덥습니다 춥습니다
~지만 (but) 덥지만 춥지만
~지 않다 (not) 덥지 않아요 춥지 않아요
~고 (and) 덥고 춥고
~는/은 (topic)

Compare:

Ending type 덥다
Consonant (~고) (ㅂ stays)
Vowel (~어요) 요 (ㅂ → 우)

Conjugation Patterns at a Glance

Using 덥다 (hot) as the model:

Form Conjugation Notes
해요체 더워요 ㅂ → 우 + 어 = 워
Past 더웠어요 ㅂ → 우 + 었 = 웠
Future 더울 거예요 ㅂ → 우 + ㄹ = 울
~(으)면 더우면 ㅂ → 우 + 면
~(으)니까 더우니까 ㅂ → 우 + 니까
~(으)ㄹ 때 더울 때 ㅂ → 우 + ㄹ
~ㅂ니다 덥습니다 Consonant ending: no change
~고 덥고 Consonant ending: no change
~지만 덥지만 Consonant ending: no change

Example Sentences

오늘 정말 더워요. (It's really hot today.)

한국 겨울은 추워요. (Korean winters are cold.)

이 김치가 너무 매워요. (This kimchi is too spicy.)

한국어가 어려워요? — 아니요, 쉬워요. (Is Korean difficult? — No, it's easy.)

만나서 반가워요. (Nice to meet you.) — ㅂ irregular of 반갑다

제가 도와줄게요. (I'll help you.) — 돕다: ㅂ → 오

고기를 구워서 먹어요. (I grill meat and eat it.) — 굽다: ㅂ → 우

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
덥어요 더워요 ㅂ irregular: ㅂ → 우 + 어 = 워
추버요 추워요 ㅂ drops, replaced by 우
도워요 도와요 돕다 is special: ㅂ → 오 (not 우)
입워요 입어요 입다 is regular: ㅂ stays
어렵워요 어려워요 ㅂ drops, 어렵 → 어려우 + 어 → 어려워

Summary

  1. Most adjectives ending in are irregular: the ㅂ changes to before vowel endings.
  2. 돕다 (help) and 곱다 (pretty) are special exceptions: ㅂ → instead of 우.
  3. Some verbs like 입다 (wear), 잡다 (catch) are regular — ㅂ stays unchanged.
  4. Before consonant endings (~고, ~지만, ~ㅂ니다), the ㅂ always stays.
  5. The combination 우 + 어 contracts to , which is why you see 더워요, 추워요, etc.
  6. This is one of the most common irregularities in Korean — memorize the key adjectives and it becomes natural.

Examples

오늘 날씨가 더워요.

oneul nalssiga deowoyo.

The weather is hot today.

겨울에 많이 추워요.

gyeoure mani chuwoyo.

It's very cold in winter.

친구를 도와줬어요.

chingureul dowajwosseoyo.

I helped my friend.

한국 음식이 매워요.

hanguk eumsigi maewoyo.

Korean food is spicy.

그 사람이 아름다워요.

geu sarami areumdawoyo.

That person is beautiful.

이 문제가 어려워요.

i munjega eoryeowoyo.

This problem is difficult.