Even Though: ~아/어도 (Concession)

~아/어도

Connectors

Overview

~아/어도 means "even if" or "even though." It expresses a concession -- the second clause presents a result that is unexpected given the first clause. The outcome persists regardless of the condition.

English Korean pattern
Even if it rains... 비가 와도...
Even though I'm tired... 피곤해도...
No matter how hard... 아무리 힘들어도...

~아/어도 follows the same vowel harmony rules as ~아/어요 and ~아/어서.

How to Form ~아/어도

Stem vowel Ending Example
ㅏ or ㅗ (bright) ~아도 가다 → 가도, 오다 → 와도
Other vowels (dark) ~어도 먹다 → 먹어도, 없다 → 없어도
하다 verbs ~해도 하다 → 해도, 공부하다 → 공부해도

Conjugation table

Dictionary Stem + 아/어도 Result
가다 (go) 가 + 아도 가도 (ㅏ+ㅏ merge)
오다 (come) 오 + 아도 와도 (ㅗ+ㅏ=ㅘ)
먹다 (eat) 먹 + 어도 먹어도
마시다 (drink) 마시 마시 + 어도 마셔도 (ㅣ+ㅓ=ㅕ)
배우다 (learn) 배우 배우 + 어도 배워도 (ㅜ+ㅓ=ㅝ)
하다 (do) 하 + 여도 해도
좋다 (good) 좋 + 아도 좋아도
없다 (not exist) 없 + 어도 없어도
바쁘다 (busy) 바쁘 바쁘 + 어도 바빠도 (ㅡ drop)
피곤하다 (tired) 피곤하 피곤하 + 여도 피곤해도

With past tense

~아/어도 can combine with past tense to mean "even though [something happened]":

Form Meaning
먹었어도 even though (someone) ate
갔어도 even though (someone) went
했어도 even though (someone) did

Part 1: "Even If" (Hypothetical Concession)

The first clause presents a hypothetical condition, and the second clause shows that the result would not change.

Part 2: "Even Though" (Factual Concession)

The first clause states something that is true, and the second clause shows an unexpected result.

Part 3: 아무리 ... ~아/어도 (No Matter How)

The adverb 아무리 (no matter how) pairs naturally with ~아/어도 to express an extreme concession.

아무리 ... ~아/어도 is one of the most powerful and frequently used patterns in Korean.

Part 4: ~아/어도 되다 (It's Okay To / May I)

~아/어도 되다 is a crucial pattern meaning "it's okay to" or "may I":

This is one of the first and most practical uses of ~아/어도 that learners encounter.

Negative: ~(으)면 안 되다

The opposite (must not) uses ~(으)면 안 되다:

Permission Prohibition
가도 돼요 (may go) 가면 안 돼요 (must not go)
먹어도 돼요 (may eat) 먹으면 안 돼요 (must not eat)

Part 5: ~아/어도 with Commands and Questions

Unlike ~아/어서, ~아/어도 works freely with commands and questions:

With commands

With questions

~아/어도 vs. ~지만

Both can express "but" or contrast, but with different nuances:

Feature ~아/어도 ~지만
Meaning Even if / Even though (concession) But (simple contrast)
Strength Stronger -- despite X, still Y Milder -- X, but Y
Expectation Result is unexpected/contrary Result is simply different

Comparison

~아/어도 ~지만
비가 와도 갈 거예요 (Even if it rains, I'll go -- despite the rain) 비가 오지만 갈 거예요 (It's raining, but I'll go)
비싸도 살 거예요 (Even though it's expensive, I'll buy it -- price won't stop me) 비싸지만 살 거예요 (It's expensive, but I'll buy it)

~아/어도 emphasizes that the condition will not change the outcome, while ~지만 simply states a contrast.

Irregular Verbs with ~아/어도

Type Dictionary + 아/어도
ㅂ irregular 춥다 (cold) 추워도
ㅂ irregular 어렵다 (hard) 어려워도
ㅂ irregular 쉽다 (easy) 쉬워도
ㄷ irregular 듣다 (hear) 들어도
ㄷ irregular 걷다 (walk) 걸어도
ㅡ drop 바쁘다 (busy) 바빠도
ㅡ drop 예쁘다 (pretty) 예뻐도

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
먹아도 먹어도 ㅓ is dark vowel, uses 어도
좋어도 좋아도 ㅗ is bright vowel, uses 아도
하어도 해도 하 + 여도 contracts to 해도
추우어도 추워도 ㅂ irregular: ㅂ→우 + 어도 = 워도

Summary

  1. ~아/어도 = "even if / even though" -- follows vowel harmony (same as ~아/어요).
  2. Expresses concession: the result is unexpected or unchanged despite the condition.
  3. 아무리 ... ~아/어도 = "no matter how" -- very common and powerful.
  4. ~아/어도 되다 = "it's okay to / may I" -- essential permission pattern.
  5. Works freely with commands, suggestions, and questions (unlike ~아/어서).
  6. Stronger than ~지만 -- emphasizes that the condition will not change the outcome.

Examples

비가 와도 갈 거예요

biga wado gal geoyeyo

Even if it rains, I'll go

많이 먹어도 살이 안 쪄요

mani meogeo-do sari an jjyeoyo

Even though I eat a lot, I don't gain weight

바빠도 운동해요

bappado undonghaeyo

Even though I'm busy, I exercise

아무리 힘들어도 포기하지 마세요

amuri himdeureodo pogihaji maseyo

No matter how hard it is, don't give up

늦어도 괜찮아요

neujeodo gwaenchanayo

Even if you're late, it's okay