Formal Polite 합쇼체: ~ㅂ니다/습니다

합쇼체

Honorifics

Overview

합쇼체 is the formal polite speech level in Korean. It is characterized by the endings ~ㅂ니다/습니다 for statements and ~ㅂ니까/습니까 for questions. This level conveys maximum respect and professionalism.

Feature Detail
Category 존댓말 (polite speech)
Tone Professional, respectful, structured
Common name 합쇼체, formal polite, -ㅂ니다체

You hear 합쇼체 in: - Television news and weather reports - Business presentations and meetings - Military commands - Job interviews - Formal ceremonies and speeches - Customer service announcements

Part 1: Statements ~ㅂ니다/습니다

Formation

Stem ending Ending Example
Vowel (no 받침) ~ㅂ니다 가다 → 갑니다
Consonant (받침) ~습니다 먹다 → 먹습니다

Conjugation table

Dictionary Stem Ending Result
가다 (go) + ㅂ니다 갑니다
오다 (come) + ㅂ니다 옵니다
하다 (do) + ㅂ니다 합니다
보다 (see) + ㅂ니다 봅니다
마시다 (drink) 마시 + ㅂ니다 마십니다
먹다 (eat) + 습니다 먹습니다
읽다 (read) + 습니다 읽습니다
있다 (exist) + 습니다 있습니다
없다 (not exist) + 습니다 없습니다
좋다 (good) + 습니다 좋습니다
앉다 (sit) + 습니다 앉습니다
알다 (know) + ㅂ니다 (ㄹ drops) 압니다
살다 (live) + ㅂ니다 (ㄹ drops) 삽니다
만들다 (make) 만들 + ㅂ니다 (ㄹ drops) 만듭니다

ㄹ받침 rule

When the stem ends in ㄹ, the ㄹ drops before ㅂ니다:

Dictionary Stem ㄹ drops + ㅂ니다 Result
알다 + ㅂ니다 압니다
살다 + ㅂ니다 삽니다
놀다 + ㅂ니다 놉니다
팔다 + ㅂ니다 팝니다
만들다 만들 만드 + ㅂ니다 만듭니다

Example sentences

Part 2: Questions ~ㅂ니까/습니까?

Formation

Stem ending Ending Example
Vowel (no 받침) ~ㅂ니까? 가다 → 갑니까?
Consonant (받침) ~습니까? 먹다 → 먹습니까?

Conjugation table

Dictionary Result
가다 갑니까?
하다 합니까?
먹다 먹습니까?
있다 있습니까?
좋다 좋습니까?
알다 압니까? (ㄹ drops)

Example sentences

Note on usage

In modern Korean, formal questions with ~ㅂ니까/습니까 are becoming less common in conversation. Many speakers use 합쇼체 statements (~ㅂ니다/습니다) but switch to 해요체 for questions (~아/어요?). This mixing is natural and widely accepted.

Part 3: Commands ~(으)십시오

The formal command ending is ~(으)십시오:

Stem ending Ending Example
Vowel ~십시오 가다 → 가십시오
Consonant ~으십시오 앉다 → 앉으십시오

Examples

You hear ~(으)십시오 in: - Airplane announcements - Elevator voice prompts - Official signs and notices - Military commands

In conversation, ~(으)세요 (해요체 command) is much more common: - 오십시오 (very formal) → 오세요 (polite) → 와 (casual)

Part 4: Suggestions ~(으)ㅂ시다

The formal suggestion ending is ~(으)ㅂ시다 ("Let's..."):

Stem ending Ending Example
Vowel ~ㅂ시다 가다 → 갑시다
Consonant ~읍시다 먹다 → 먹읍시다

Examples

In conversation, ~아/어요 or ~(으)ㄹ까요? (해요체) is far more common: - 갑시다 (formal) → 가요 / 갈까요? (polite)

Part 5: Past and Future Tense

Past tense: ~았/었습니다

Dictionary Past formal Example
가다 갔습니다 서울에 갔습니다 (I went to Seoul)
먹다 먹었습니다 점심을 먹었습니다 (I ate lunch)
하다 했습니다 준비했습니다 (I prepared it)
보다 봤습니다 보고서를 봤습니다 (I reviewed the report)

Future tense: ~겠습니다 / ~(으)ㄹ 것입니다

Form Meaning Example
~겠습니다 Will (intention/conjecture) 열심히 하겠습니다 (I will work hard)
~(으)ㄹ 것입니다 Will (plan) 내일 출발할 것입니다 (We will depart tomorrow)

~겠습니다 is especially common in 합쇼체: - 알겠습니다. (I understand. / Understood.) - 감사하겠습니다. (I would appreciate it.) - 열심히 하겠습니다. (I will work hard.) - 지금부터 시작하겠습니다. (We will begin now.)

Part 6: Essential 합쇼체 Expressions

These are phrases every Korean learner should know:

Expression Meaning Situation
감사합니다 Thank you Universal thanks
죄송합니다 I'm sorry Formal apology
반갑습니다 Nice to meet you First meetings
알겠습니다 I understand / Understood Acknowledging
실례합니다 Excuse me Interrupting politely
축하합니다 Congratulations Celebrating
수고하셨습니다 Thank you for your work After work/effort
잘 부탁드립니다 Please take care of me Business/new relationships

When to Use and When Not to Use

Use 합쇼체

Situation Example
TV news anchor 오늘의 날씨입니다. (Here is today's weather.)
Business presentation 보고를 시작하겠습니다. (I will begin the report.)
Military reporting 이상 없습니다! (Nothing to report!)
Job interview 열심히 하겠습니다. (I will work hard.)
Wedding MC 결혼식을 시작하겠습니다. (Let's begin the wedding.)

Don't use 합쇼체

Situation Why Use instead
With close friends Too stiff and distant 해체 (반말)
Casual conversation Feels awkward 해요체
Texting informally Overly formal 해요체 or 해체
To young children Unnecessarily formal 해요체 or 해체

합쇼체 vs. 해요체 Side by Side

합쇼체 해요체
"I go" 갑니다 가요
"I eat" 먹습니다 먹어요
"I do" 합니다 해요
"Thank you" 감사합니다 고마워요
"I'm sorry" 죄송합니다 미안해요
"Please go" 가십시오 가세요
"Do you have?" 있습니까? 있어요?
"Let's go" 갑시다 가요 / 갈까요?

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
먹ㅂ니다 먹습니다 Consonant stems use 습니다, not ㅂ니다
가습니다 갑니다 Vowel stems use ㅂ니다
알ㅂ니다 압니다 ㄹ drops before ㅂ니다
좋읍니다 좋습니다 Modern spelling uses 습니다 (not 읍니다)
Mixing 합쇼체 statements with 해체 randomly Stay consistent Pick one level and maintain it in context

Summary

  1. 합쇼체 is the formal polite level: ~ㅂ니다/습니다 (statements), ~ㅂ니까/습니까 (questions).
  2. Vowel stems use ~ㅂ니다, consonant stems use ~습니다. ㄹ drops before ㅂ니다.
  3. Formal commands use ~(으)십시오, suggestions use ~(으)ㅂ시다.
  4. Key expressions: 감사합니다, 알겠습니다, 반갑습니다.
  5. Use for news, business, military, ceremonies, and job interviews.
  6. For everyday polite conversation, 해요체 is more natural and common.

Examples

감사합니다

gamsahamnida

Thank you (formal)

알겠습니다

algesseumnida

I understand / Understood (formal)

반갑습니다

bangapseumnida

Nice to meet you (formal)

지금 뉴스를 시작하겠습니다

jigeum nyuseureul sijakagesseumnida

We will now begin the news

질문 있습니까?

jilmun isseumnikka?

Are there any questions? (formal)

이쪽으로 오십시오

ijjogeuro osipsio

Please come this way (formal command)