Possessive Particle 의

소유격 조사

Particles

Overview

The possessive particle connects two nouns to show ownership, belonging, or a relationship between them. It works like 's in English (or "of" in reverse order).

N1 N2 = N1's N2

While the concept is simple, 의 has some unique features: it has a special pronunciation, it contracts with certain pronouns, and it is often omitted entirely in casual speech.

Basic Structure

The possessive particle 의 goes between two nouns:

Structure Example Meaning
N1의 N2 선생님 the teacher's book
N1의 N2 한국 음식 Korea's food
N1의 N2 회사 사장님 the company's president

More examples:

Korean Romanization English
아버지 abeojiui cha father's car
학교 규칙 hakgyoui gyuchik school rules
서울 날씨 seoului nalssi Seoul's weather
오늘 뉴스 oneului nyuseu today's news
세계 역사 segyeui yeoksa world history

Pronunciation

The particle 의 has a notable pronunciation feature:

Position Pronunciation Example
Word-initial (의사, 의자) [ui] 의사 = uisa (doctor)
As possessive particle [e] = nae, 친구 = chingue
Other positions [i] 회의 = hoei (meeting)

In everyday speech, 의 as a possessive particle is almost always pronounced [e], not [ui]. So 나의 sounds like "nae" and 친구의 sounds like "chingue."

Contracted Forms with Pronouns

When 의 attaches to personal pronouns, contracted forms are standard:

Full Form Contraction Pronunciation Meaning
나의 nae my (informal)
너의 ne your (informal)
저의 je my (polite)

Important notes on contractions:

나의 --> 내 (my):

내 책 = my book 내 친구 = my friend 내 이름은 민수예요. = My name is Minsu.

너의 --> 네 (your):

네 가방 = your bag 네 전화번호 = your phone number

Pronunciation note: Because 내 and 네 sound almost identical in modern Korean, many speakers pronounce 네 as [ni] to avoid confusion. You'll hear 니 가방 instead of 네 가방 in speech.

저의 --> 제 (my, polite):

제 이름은 김민수입니다. = My name is Kim Minsu. 제 직업은 학생이에요. = My job is student.

Other pronoun + 의 forms:

Pronoun + 의 Meaning
우리 (we/our) 우리의 --> 우리 our
그 (he) 그의 his
그녀 (she) 그녀의 her
이것 (this) 이것의 of this
그것 (that) 그것의 of that
누구 (who) 누구의 whose

누구의 is commonly used in questions: 누구 책이에요? = Whose book is this? 이것은 누구 가방이에요? = Whose bag is this?

Omission of 의 in Spoken Korean

One of the most distinctive features of 의 is that it is frequently omitted in casual speech, especially with:

1. Family and close relationships:

Full form Common form Meaning
우리 엄마 우리 엄마 our mom
우리 우리 집 our house
우리 나라 우리나라 our country
친구 내 친구 my friend
민수 동생 민수 동생 Minsu's younger sibling

2. Organizations and groups:

Full form Common form Meaning
학교 선생님 학교 선생님 school teacher
회사 동료 회사 동료 company colleague

3. When the relationship is obvious:

Full form Common form Meaning
서울 날씨 서울 날씨 Seoul weather
한국 음식 한국 음식 Korean food

Rule of thumb: The more formal or written the context, the more likely 의 will be included. In casual conversation, it's often dropped.

When to Keep 의

In certain contexts, 의 should be retained for clarity:

1. Formal writing and speeches:

대한민국 헌법 (The constitution of the Republic of Korea) 회사 미래를 위해 (For the future of the company)

2. When omission would cause ambiguity:

선생님 학생 (The teacher's student) -- without 의, "선생님 학생" is unclear

3. Abstract or literary expressions:

사랑 의미 (The meaning of love) 자유 가치 (The value of freedom) 인생 목적 (The purpose of life)

의 in Compound Expressions

의 appears in many fixed expressions and compound nouns:

Korean Meaning Note
세계 최고 the world's best superlative expression
~중 하나 one of ~ "one among"
역사상 최초 the first in history formal
나름대로 in one's own way set expression

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
나에 책 책 / 내 책 에 is location, not possessive
나가 책 내 책 가 is subject, not possessive
너에 이름 이름 / 네 이름 Use 의 for possession
저에 가방 가방 / 제 가방 에 marks location, not possession

Summary

  1. connects two nouns: N1의 N2 = "N1's N2"
  2. Pronounced [e] when used as possessive particle
  3. Contracted forms: 나의 --> 내, 너의 --> 네, 저의 --> 제
  4. Frequently omitted in casual speech (우리 엄마, 한국 음식)
  5. Retained in formal writing, abstract expressions, and when needed for clarity
  6. 네 (your) is often pronounced to distinguish from 내 (my)

Examples

나의 책

naui chaek

my book

한국의 문화

hangugui munhwa

Korea's culture

친구의 집

chinguui jip

my friend's house

내 가방

nae gabang

my bag (contracted from 나의)

우리 엄마

uri eomma

our mom (의 omitted)

회사의 규칙

hoesaui gyuchik

the company's rules