Particle Combinations: Stacking Rules

조사 결합

Particles

Overview

Korean particles can combine -- a process often called particle stacking. This means you can attach multiple particles to the same noun, with each one adding a layer of meaning. However, not all combinations are possible; there are clear rules about which particles can stack and which cannot.

Understanding particle stacking allows you to express complex nuances like "only at school," "even to my friend," or "as for in Korea."

The Basic Rule

Korean particles fall into two groups for stacking purposes:

Group Particles Can stack?
Case particles 이/가, 을/를, 은/는 Replace each other -- do NOT stack
Semantic particles 에, 에서, 에게, (으)로, 까지, 부터, 한테, 의 Can stack with auxiliary particles
Auxiliary particles 도, 만, 는, 까지, 부터, 마다 Stack onto case/semantic particles

Core principle

Stacking with 는 (Topic/Contrast)

Adding 는 to a semantic particle gives it a topic or contrast nuance:

Combination Meaning Example
에서 as for (at this place) 한국에서는 젓가락을 사용해요.
as for (at/to this place) 서울에는 사람이 많아요.
에게 as for (to this person) 선생님에게는 말하지 마세요.
한테 as for (to this person) 한테는 왜 안 말해?
(으)로 as for (by this means) 버스로는 못 가요.

Examples in context

Korean Romanization English
한국에서는 이렇게 해요. hangugeseoneun ireoke haeyo. In Korea (as for), they do it this way.
일본에서는 다르게 해요. ilboneseoneun dareuge haeyo. In Japan, they do it differently.
서울에는 볼 것이 많아요. seoure-neun bol geosi manayo. As for Seoul, there's a lot to see.
한테는 안 알려줬어요. jeo-hanteneun an allyeojwosseoyo. They didn't tell me (but told others).
지하철로는 갈 수 없어요. jihacheollo-neun gal su eopseoyo. By subway, you can't go (but maybe by bus you can).

The 는 adds contrast: "In Korea, they do X (but in other places, they might do Y)."

Stacking with 도 (Also/Even)

Adding 도 gives an "also" or "even" meaning:

Combination Meaning Example
에서 also at (this place) 여기에서도 볼 수 있어요.
also to/at 부산에도 갔어요.
에게 also to (this person) 친구에게도 알려줬어요.
한테 also to (this person) 동생한테도 말했어요.
(으)로 also by (this means) 버스로도 갈 수 있어요.
까지 even up to 여기까지도 소문이 퍼졌어요.

Examples in context

Korean Romanization English
여기에서도 살 수 있어요. yeogie-seodo sal su isseoyo. You can live here too.
부산에도 지점이 있어요. busane-do jijomi isseoyo. There's a branch in Busan too.
친구에게도 말했어요. chingue-gedo malhaesseoyo. I told my friend too.
버스로도 갈 수 있어요. beoseuro-do gal su isseoyo. You can go by bus too.
한테까지 화를 내다니. nahantekkaji hwareul naedani. To be angry even at me...

Stacking with 만 (Only)

Adding 만 gives an "only" meaning:

Combination Meaning Example
에서 only at (this place) 학교에서만 공부해요.
only to/at 에만 있어요.
에게 only to (this person) 선생님에게만 말했어요.
한테 only to (this person) 한테만 말할게.
(으)로 only by (this means) 현금으로만 받아요.

Examples in context

Korean Romanization English
학교에서만 공부해요. hakgyoeseoman gongbuhaeyo. I study only at school.
에만 있으면 심심해요. jibeman isseumyeon simsimhaeyo. If you're only at home, it's boring.
한테만 이야기할게. neo-hanteman iyagihalge. I'll tell only you.
카드로만 결제 가능해요. kadeuroman gyeolje ganeunghaeyo. You can only pay by card.

Stacking with 부터 and 까지

These range particles can combine with semantic particles:

Combination Meaning Example
에서부터 from (place, emphatic) 에서부터 걸어왔어요.
부터 ... 까지 from ... to 9시부터 6시까지

에서부터 is an emphatic form of 에서 when marking a starting point. The 부터 reinforces "starting from."

Examples

Korean Romanization English
에서부터 학교까지 걸었어요. jibeseobuteo hakgyokkaji georeosseoyo. I walked from (starting from) home to school.
처음부터 끝까지 봤어요. cheoeumbuteo kkeutkkaji bwasseoyo. I watched from beginning to end.

Combinations That Do NOT Work

The following particle stacks are incorrect:

Incorrect Why What to use instead
/ 가 Case particles don't stack Choose one: 이/가 OR 은/는
/ 를 Case particles don't stack Choose one: 을/를 OR 은/는
/ 는 Auxiliary replaces, doesn't stack Use just 도
/ 가 Auxiliary replaces, doesn't stack Use just 도
/ 를 Auxiliary replaces, doesn't stack Use just 도
/ 는 Auxiliary replaces, doesn't stack Use just 만

Key principle: 도, 만, and contrastive 는 replace the case particles (이/가, 을/를, 은/는). They only stack onto semantic particles (에, 에서, 에게, (으)로, etc.).

Multiple Stacking

In some cases, you can stack more than two particles, though this is less common:

Stack Meaning Example
에서부터 as for starting from 여기에서부터는 제가 할게요. (From here on, I'll do it.)
에게까지 even up to (person) 선생님에게까지도 알려졌어요. (It was known even to the teacher.)

Triple stacking is grammatically possible but can sound heavy. Use it sparingly.

Reference Table: Common Combinations

Base particle + 는 + 도 + 만 + 까지 + 부터
에는 에도 에만 에까지
에서 에서는 에서도 에서만 에서부터
에게 에게는 에게도 에게만 에게까지
한테 한테는 한테도 한테만 한테까지
(으)로 (으)로는 (으)로도 (으)로만 (으)로까지

Common Mistakes

Mistake Correction Why
저는도 학생이에요. 학생이에요. 도 replaces 는, not stacks
책을만 읽어요. 읽어요. 만 replaces 을
친구가도 왔어요. 친구 왔어요. 도 replaces 가
학교에서에 공부해요. 학교에서 공부해요. Don't stack two semantic particles

Summary

  1. Semantic particles (에, 에서, 에게, (으)로) can stack with auxiliary particles (도, 만, 는, 까지, 부터).
  2. Case particles (이/가, 을/를, 은/는) are mutually exclusive and do not stack with each other or with auxiliary particles.
  3. Auxiliary particles (도, 만, 는) replace 이/가, 을/를, 은/는 when used on the same noun.
  4. Common stacks: 에서는 (contrast), 에서도 (also), 에서만 (only), 에게도 (also to), 한테만 (only to).
  5. Keep stacking to two particles in most cases; three is possible but uncommon.

Examples

한국에서는 이렇게 해요.

hangugeseoneun ireoke haeyo.

In Korea, they do it this way. (As for in Korea...)

친구에게도 말했어요.

chinguegedo malhaesseoyo.

I told my friend too.

학교에서만 공부해요.

hakgyoeseoman gongbuhaeyo.

I study only at school.

집에서부터 걸어왔어요.

jibeseobuteo georeo wasseoyo.

I walked from home.

여기에서도 볼 수 있어요.

yeogieseodo bol su isseoyo.

You can see it from here too.

나한테까지 화를 내요?

nahantekkaaji hwareul naeyo?

Are you even angry at me?